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hotel in cambridge

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a hotel in cambridge

A hotel, in a town like Cambridge, , is an establishment that provides paid lodging on a short-term basis.

The provision of basic accommodation, in times past, consisting only of a room with a bed, a cupboard, a small table and a washstand has largely been replaced by rooms with modern facilities, including en-suite bathrooms and air conditioning or climate control.

Additional common features found in hotel rooms are a telephone, an alarm clock, a television, a safe, a mini-bar with snack foods and drinks, and facilities for making tea and coffee.

Luxury features include bathrobes and slippers, a pillow menu, twin-sink vanities, and jacuzzi bathtubs.

Larger hotels may provide additional guest facilities such as a restaurant, swimming pool, fitness center, business center, childcare, conference facilities and social function services.

Hotel rooms are usually numbered (or named in some smaller hotels and B&Bs) to allow guests to identify their room.

Some hotels offer meals as part of a room and board arrangement.

In the United Kingdom, in a town like Cambridge, , a hotel is required by law to serve food and drinks to all guests within certain stated hours.

In Japan, capsule hotels provide a minimized amount of room space and shared facilities.

The word hotel is derived from the French hotel (coming from hote meaning host), which referred to a French version of a townhouse or any other building seeing frequent visitors, rather than a place offering accommodation.

In contemporary French usage, hotel now has the same meaning as the English term, and hotel particulier is used for the old meaning.

The French spelling, with the circumflex, was also used in English, but is now rare.

The circumflex replaces the 's' found in the earlier hostel spelling, which over time took on a new, but closely related meaning.

Grammatically, hotels usually take the definite article - hence "The Astoria Hotel" or simply "The Astoria.

" Hotel operations in a hotel vary in size, function, and cost.

Most hotels and major hospitality companies that operate hotels have set widely accepted industry standards to classify hotel types.

General categories include the following; * Upscale Luxury.

o Examples include Conrad Hotels, InterContinental Hotels, Ritz-Carlton, Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts, Dorchester Collection,and JW Marriott Hotels.

* Full Service.

o Examples include Hilton, Marriott, Hotel Indigo, Doubletree, and Hyatt.

* Select Service.

o Examples include Holiday Inn, Courtyard by Marriott and Hilton Garden Inn.

* Limited Service.

o Examples include Hampton Inn, Holiday Inn Express, Fairfield Inn, Days Inn, and La Quinta Inns & Suites.

* Extended Stay.

o Examples include Staybridge Suites, Homewood Suites by Hilton, Residence Inn by Marriott, and Extended Stay Hotels.

* Timeshare.

o Examples include Holiday Inn Club Vacations, Marriott Vacation Club International, Westgate Resorts, and Disney Vacation Club.

* Destination Club.

Hotel management is a significant career.

Larger hotels may operate with an extensive management structure consisting of a General Manager which serves as the head executive, department heads that oversee various departments, middle managers, administrative staff, and line-level supervisors.

Degree programs such as hospitality management studies, a business degree, and/or certification programs prepare hotel managers for industry practice.

Some hotels, a hotel in cambridge for instance, have gained their renown through tradition, by hosting significant events or persons, such as Schloss Cecilienhof in Potsdam, Germany, which derives its fame from the Potsdam Conference of the World War II allies Winston Churchill, Harry Truman and Joseph Stalin in 1945.

The Taj Mahal Palace & Tower in Mumbai is one of India's most famous and historic hotels because of its association with the Indian independence movement.

Some establishments have given name to a particular meal or beverage, as is the case with the Waldorf Astoria in New York City, United States where the Waldorf Salad was first created or the Hotel Sacher in Vienna, Austria, home of the Sachertorte.

Others have achieved fame by association with dishes or cocktails created on their premises, such as the Hotel de Paris where the crepe Suzette was invented or the Raffles Hotel in Singapore, where the Singapore Sling cocktail was devised.

A number of hotels have entered the public consciousness through popular culture, such as the Ritz Hotel in London, through its association with Irving Berlin's song, 'Puttin' on the Ritz'.

The Algonquin Hotel in New York City is famed as the meeting place of the literary group, the Algonquin Round Table, and Hotel Chelsea, also in New York City, has been the subject of a number of songs and the scene of the stabbing of Nancy Spungen (allegedly by her boyfriend Sid Vicious).

Many hotels can be considered destinations in themselves, by dint of unusual features of the lodging or its immediate environment: Boutique hotels are typically hotels like with a unique environment.

Some hotels are built with living trees as structural elements, for example the Costa Rica Tree House in the Gandoca-Manzanillo Wildlife Refuge, Costa Rica; the Treetops Hotel in Aberdare National Park, Kenya; the Ariau Towers near Manaus, Brazil, on the Rio Negro in the Amazon; and Bayram's Tree Houses in Olympos, Turkey.

In Nax Mont-Noble, a little ski resort situated on 1300 metres in the Swiss Alps, construction for the Maya Guesthouse will start in September 2011.

It will be the first hotel in Europe built entirely with straw bales.

Due to the isolation values of the walls it will need no heating.

The Null Stern Hotel in Teufen, Appenzellerland, Switzerland and the Concrete Mushrooms in Albaniaare former nuclear bunkers transformed into hotels.

Shoe hotels are hotels built into a giant shoe.

The idea was inspired by the "Old Woman who lived in a shoe" myth.

The largest such hotel is currently in Hokkaido, Japan.

The most popular shoe hotels are modelled after a woman's platform dancing shoe.

The Cuevas Pedro Antonio de AlarcOn (named after the author) in Guadix, Spain, as well as several hotels in Cappadocia, Turkey, are notable for being built into natural cave formations, some with rooms underground.

The Desert Cave Hotel in Coober Pedy, South Australia is built into the remains of an opal mine.

Capsule hotels are a type of economical hotel that are found in Japan, where people sleep in stacks of rectangular containers.

The Ice Hotel in Jukkasjarvi, Sweden, and the Hotel de Glace in Duschenay, Canada, melt every spring and are rebuilt each winter; the Mammut Snow Hotel in Finland is located within the walls of the Kemi snow castle; and the Lainio Snow Hotel is part of a snow village near Yllas, Finland.

Garden hotels, famous for their gardens before they became hotels, include Gravetye Manor, the home of garden designer William Robinson, and Cliveden, designed by Charles Barry with a rose garden by Geoffrey Jellicoe.

Some hotels have accommodation underwater, such as Utter Inn in Lake Malaren, Sweden.

Hydropolis, project cancelled 2004 in Dubai, would have had suites on the bottom of the Persian Gulf, and Jules Undersea Lodge in Key Largo, Florida requires scuba diving to access its rooms.

Other unusual hotels - RMS Queen Mary, Long Beach, California, United States.

* The Library Hotel in New York City, is unique in that each of its ten floors is assigned one category from the Dewey Decimal System.

* The Burj al-Arab hotel in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, built on an artificial island, is structured in the shape of a boat's sail.

* The Jailhotel Lowengraben in Lucerne, Switzerland is a converted prison now used as a hotel.

* The Luxor, a hotel and casino on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada, United States is unusual due to its pyramidal structure.

* The Liberty Hotel in Boston, used to be the Charles Street Jail.

* Built in Scotland and completed in 1936, The former ocean liner RMS Queen Mary in Long Beach, California, United States uses its first-class staterooms as a hotel, after retiring in 1967 from Transatlantic service.

* There are several hotels throughout the world built into converted airliners.

Some hotels are built specifically to create a captive trade, example at casinos and holiday resorts.

Though of course hotels have always been built in popular destinations, the defining characteristic of a resort hotel is that it exists purely to serve another attraction, the two having the same owners.

In Las Vegas there is a tradition of one-upmanship with luxurious and extravagant hotels in a concentrated area known as the Las Vegas Strip.

This trend now has extended to other resorts worldwide, but the concentration in Las Vegas is still the world's highest: nineteen of the world's twenty-five largest hotels by room count are on the Strip, with a total of over 67,000 rooms.

In Europe Center Parcs might be considered a chain of resort hotels, since the sites are largely man-made (though set in natural surroundings such as country parks) with captive trade, whereas holiday camps such as Butlins and Pontin's are probably not considered as resort hotels, since they are set at traditional holiday destinations which existed before the camps.

Frequently, expanding railway companies built grand hotels at their termini, such as the Midland Hotel, Manchester next to the former Manchester Central Station and in London the ones above St Pancras railway station and Charing Cross railway station also in London is the Chiltern Court Hotel above Baker Street tube station and Canada's grand railway hotels.

They are or were mostly, but not exclusively, used by those travelling by rail.

A motel (motor hotel) is a hotel which is for a short stay, usually for a night, for motorists on long journeys.

It has direct access from the room to the vehicle (for example a central parking lot around which the buildings are set), and is built conveniently close to major roads and intersections.

In 2006, Guinness World Records listed the First World Hotel in Genting Highlands, Malaysia as the world's largest hotel with a total of 6,118 rooms.

Similarly, the Venetian Palazzo Complex, in Las Vegas, has the most number of rooms.

It has 7,117 rooms followed by MGM Grand Hotel, which contains 6,852 rooms.

According to the Guinness Book of World Records, the oldest hotel still in operation is the Hoshi Ryokan, in the Awazu Onsen area of Komatsu, Japan which opened in 718.

The Ritz-Carlton Hong Kong is the tallest building used exclusively as a hotel.

Located on the top of Hong Kong's tallest building, the 488 meter tall International Commerce Centre.

Some hotels sell individual rooms to investors.

Timeshare is an example of this kind of investment.

The buyer is allowed to stay in the room without charge or at a reduced rate for a given number of days each year.

The investor is paid a share of the takings for the room.

Rooms can be sold on a leasehold basis, sometimes on a 999 year lease.

Room owners are free to sell at any time.

A number of public figures have notably chosen to take up semi-permanent or permanent residence in hotels.

* Actor Richard Harris lived at the Savoy Hotel while in London.

Hotel archivist Susan Scott recounts an anecdote that when he was being taken out of the building on a stretcher shortly before his death he raised his hand and told the diners "it was the food.

" * Inventor Nikola Tesla lived the last 10 years of his life at the New Yorker Hotel until 1943 when he died in the hotel room.

* Millionaire Howard Hughes lived his last few years in a Las Vegas hotel.

* Egyptian actor Ahmad Zaki lived his last 15 years in Ramses Hilton Hotel - Cairo.

* Larry Fine (of the Three Stooges) and his family lived in hotels, due to his extravagant spending habits and his wife's dislike for housekeeping.

They first lived in the President Hotel in Atlantic City, New Jersey, where his daughter Phyllis was raised, then the Knickerbocker Hotel in Hollywood.

Not until the late 1940s did Larry buy a home in the Los Feliz area of Los Angeles, California.

* General Douglas McArthur lived his last 14 years in the penthouse of the Waldorf Towers, a part of the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel.

* American actress Elaine Stritch lived in the Savoy Hotel in London for over a decade.

* Fashion designer Coco Chanel lived in the Hotel Ritz Paris on and off for more than 30 years.

* Vladimir Nabokov and his wife Vera lived in the Montreux Palace Hotel in Montreux, Switzerland from 1961 until his death in 1977.

* British entrepreneur Jack Lyons lived in the Hotel Mirador Kempinski in Switzerland for several years until his death in 2008.

Hotels, like a hotel in cambridge, have been used as the settings for television programmes such as the British situation comedies Fawlty Towers and I'm Alan Partridge, the British soap opera Crossroads, and in films such as the Bates Motel in Hitchcock's 1960 film Psycho and The Dolphin Hotel in 1408, a short story by Stephen King which was adapted into a 2007 film.

Another is Tipton Hotel, a fictitious hotel in Disney's "The Suite Life of Zack and Cody".

When the show later became a spinoff into "The Suite Life on Deck," the Tipton evolved into the SS Tipton, run by the same company.

a hotel in cambridge

The city of Cambridge is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England.

It lies in East Anglia about 50 miles (80 km) north-by-east of London.

Cambridge is at the heart of the high-technology centre known as Silicon Fen � a play on Silicon Valley and the fens surrounding the city.

Cambridge is well known as the home of the University of Cambridge.

The university includes the renowned Cavendish Laboratory, King's College Chapel, and the Cambridge University Library.

The Cambridge skyline is dominated by the last two buildings, along with the chimney of Addenbrooke's Hospital in the far south of the city and St John's College Chapel tower in the north.

According to the United Kingdom Census 2001, the city's population was 108,863 (including 22,153 students), and the population of the urban area (which includes parts of the neighbouring South Cambridgeshire district) is estimated to be 130,000.

Settlements have existed around the Cambridge area since before the Roman Empire.

The earliest clear evidence of occupation is the remains of a 3,500-year-old farmstead discovered at the site of Fitzwilliam College.

There is further archaeological evidence through the Iron Age, a Belgic tribe having settled on Castle Hill in the 1st century BC.

The first major development of the area began with the Roman invasion of Britain in about AD 40.

Castle Hill made Cambridge a useful place for a military outpost from which to defend the River Cam.

It was also the crossing point for the Via Devana which linked Colchester in Essex with the garrisons at Lincoln and the north.

This Roman settlement has been identified as Duroliponte.

The settlement remained a regional centre during the 350 years after the Roman occupation, until about AD 400.

Roman roads and walled enclosures can still be seen in the area.

Duroliponte means bridge over the duro or duroli, which appears to derive from the celtic word for water.

After the Romans had left Saxons took over the land on and around Castle Hill and renamed it Grantabrycge � 'Bridge over Granta'.

Their grave goods have been found in the area.

During Anglo-Saxon times Cambridge benefited from good trade links across the hard-to-travel fenlands.

By the 7th century the town was less significant, described by Bede as a "little ruined city" containing the burial site of Etheldreda.

Cambridge is mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as "Grantebrycge", a period when settlements existed on both sides of the river and Cambridge was on the border of East Anglian and Middle Anglian kingdoms.

The arrival of the Vikings in Cambridge was recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 875.

Viking rule, the Danelaw, had been imposed by 878.

The Vikings' vigorous trading habits caused Cambridge to grow rapidly.

During this period the centre of the town shifted from Castle Hill on the left bank of the river to the area now known as the Quayside on the right bank.

After the Viking period the Saxons enjoyed a brief return to power, building St Bene't's Church in 1025, which still stands in Bene't Street.

In 1068, two years after his conquest of England, William of Normandy built a castle on Castle Hill.

Like the rest of the newly conquered kingdom, Cambridge fell under the control of the King and his deputies.

The distinctive Round Church dates from this period.

By Norman times the name of the town had mutated to Grentabrige or Cantebrigge (Grantbridge), while the river that flowed through it was called the Granta.

Over time the name of the town changed to Cambridge, while the river Cam was still known as the Granta � the Upper River between the Millpond in Cambridge and Grantchester is still known as the Granta to this day.

It was only later that the river became known as the Cam, by analogy with the name Cambridge.

The University, formed 1209, uses a Latin adjective cantabrigiensis (often contracted to "Cantab") to mean "of Cambridge", though this is a back-formation from the English name.

In 1209, students escaping from hostile townspeople in Oxford fled to Cambridge and formed a university there.

The oldest college that still exists, Peterhouse, was founded in 1284.

One of the most well-known buildings in Cambridge, King's College Chapel, was begun in 1446 by King Henry VI.

The project was completed in 1515 during the reign of King Henry VIII.

Peterhouse was the first college to be founded in the University of Cambridge.

Cambridge University Press originated with a printing licence issued in 1534.

Hobson's Conduit, the first project to bring clean drinking water to the town centre, was built in 1610 (by the Hobson of Hobson's choice).

Parts of it survive today.

Addenbrooke's Hospital was founded in 1766.

The railway and Cambridge station were built in 1845.

From the 1930s to the 1980s the size of the city was greatly increased by several large council estates planned to hold London overspill.

The biggest impact has been on the area north of the river, which are now the estates of Arbury, East Chesterton and King's Hedges, and there are many smaller estates to the south of the city.

During World War II Cambridge served as an evacuation centre for over 7,000 people from London, as well as for parts of the University of London.

The town became a military centre, with an RAF training centre and the regional headquarters for Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire, Hertfordshire, and Bedfordshire established during the conflict as well as .

In 1962 Cambridge's first shopping arcade, Bradwell's Court, opened on Drummer Street, though this was demolished in 2006.

Other shopping arcades followed at Lion Yard, which housed a relocated Central Library for the city, and the Grafton Centre which replaced Victorian housing stock which had fallen into disrepair in the Kite area of the city - see also .

Both of these projects met strong opposition at the time.

The city gained its second University in 1992 when Anglia Polytechnic became Anglia Polytechnic University.

Renamed Anglia Ruskin University in 2005, the institution has its origins in the Cambridge School of Art opened in 1858 by John Ruskin.

The Open University also has a presence in the city, with an office operating on Hills Road.

Despite having a university, Cambridge was not granted its city charter until 1951.

Cambridge does not have a cathedral, traditionally a prerequisite for city status, instead falling within the Church of England Diocese of Ely.

Many of the buildings in the centre are colleges affiliated to the University of Cambridge, including King's College and Magdalene College.

Colleges such as Trinity College and St John's College own significant land both in Cambridge and outside: Trinity is the landlord for the Cambridge Science Park, and also the port of Felixstowe; St John's is the landlord of St John's Innovation Centre near to the Science Park, and many other buildings in the city centre.

Cambridge City Council plans to renew the area around the Corn Exchange concert hall, and plans for a permanent ice-skating rink are being considered after the success of a temporary one that has been on Parker's Piece every year for the past few years.

New housing and developments have continued through the 21st century, with estates such as the CB1 and Accordia schemes near the station, and developments such as Clayfarm and Trumpington Meadows planned for the south of the city.

Cambridge is a non-metropolitan district served by Cambridge City Council.

The City of Cambridge is one of five districts within the county of Cambridgeshire, and is bordered on all sides by the mainly rural South Cambridgeshire district.

Indeed, it is the only district in England to be entirely surrounded by another.

The city council's headquarters are in the Guildhall, a large building in the market square.

City councillors elect a mayor annually.

Cambridge was granted a Royal Charter by King John in 1207, which permitted the appointment of a Mayor, although the first recorded Mayor, Harvey FitzEustace, served in 1213.

Cambridge is also served by Cambridgeshire County Council.

For electoral purposes the city is divided into 14 wards: Abbey, Arbury, Castle, Cherry Hinton, Coleridge, East Chesterton, King's Hedges, Market, Newnham, Petersfield, Queen Edith's, Romsey, Trumpington, and West Chesterton.

The political composition of the city council is currently: * 25 Liberal Democrat councillors * 14 Labour councillors * 2 Green councillors * 1 Independent councillor.

The Liberal Democrats have controlled the city council since 2000.

The parliamentary constituency of Cambridge covers most of the city.

Julian Huppert (Liberal Democrat) was elected Member of Parliament (MP) at the 2010 general election, succeeding David Howarth.

One area of the city, Queen Edith's ward, lies in the South Cambridgeshire constituency, whose MP is Andrew Lansley (Conservative), elected in 1997.

The city had previously elected a Labour MP from 1992 to 2005 and prior to this, usually elected a Conservative after the Second World War.

However, the Conservatives have seen their share of the vote fall over the past 20 years.

The University of Cambridge used to have a seat in the House of Commons, Sir Isaac Newton being one of the most notable holders.

The Cambridge University constituency was abolished under 1948 legislation, and ceased at the dissolution of Parliament for the 1950 general election, along with the other university constituencies.

Cambridge is about 50 miles (80 km) north-by-east of London.

The city is located in an area of level and relatively low-lying terrain just south of the Fens, which varies between 6 metres (20 ft) and 24 metres (79 ft) above sea level.

The River Cam flows through the city north from the village of Grantchester.

The name 'Cambridge' is derived from the river.

Like most cities, modern-day Cambridge has many suburbs, and areas of high-density housing.

The city centre of Cambridge is mostly commercial , historic buildings, and large green areas such as Jesus Green, Parker's Piece and Midsummer Common.

Many of the roads in the centre are pedestrianised.

Cambridge currently has two official weather observing stations, the National Institute of Agricultural Botany (NIAB), about 2 miles north of the city centre, and the Botanical Gardens, about 1 mile south of the city centre.

The city, like most of the UK, has a maritime climate highly influenced by the gulf stream.

This is moderated to some extent by its low lying, inland, and easterly position within the British Isles, meaning summer temperatures in particular tend to be somewhat higher than areas further west, and often rival or even exceed those recorded in the London area.

July 2006 for example recorded the highest official mean monthly maximum (i.

averaged over the entire month) of any month at any location in the UK since records began; 283 �C (82 �F),at both the NIAB and Botanical Gardens observing stations � Cambridge also often records the annual highest national temperature in any given year � 30 �C (86 �F) in July 2008 at NIAB and 30 �C (86 �F) in August 2007 at the Botanical Gardens are two recent examples.

The absolute maximum stands at 36 �C (98 �F) set on the 10 August 2003, although a temperature of 37 �C (99 �F) was recorded on the same day at the Guildhall rooftop weather station in the city centre and is acknowledged by the Met Office.

Before this, the absolute maximum was 36 �C (97 �F) set at the Botanical Gardens in August 1990.

The last time the temperature exceeded 35 �C (95 �F) was July 2006 when the maximum reached 35 �C (96 �F) at the Botanical Gardens and 35 �C (96 �F) at NIAB.

Typically the temperature will reach 25 �C (77 �F) or higher on 21 days of the year over the 1971�2000 period, with the annual highest temperature averaging 30 �C (86 �F) over the same period.

The absolute minimum temperature recorded at the Botanical Gardens site was −17 �C (1 �F), recorded in February 1947 Although a minimum of −17 �C (−0 �F) was recorded at the now defunct observatory site in December 1879.

The last time the temperature fell below −15C was in January 1982 when −16 �C (3 �F) was recorded.

Most recently the temperature fell to −10 �C (12 �F) on the 20 December 2010.

The average frequency of air frosts ranges from 41 days at the NIAB site, to 47 days at the Botanical Gardens per year over the 1971�2000 period.

Typically the coldest night of the year at the Botanical gardens will fall to −8 �C (17 �F).

Such minimum temperatures and frost averages are typical for inland areas across much of southern and central England.

Rainfall is generally low, averaging around 550 to 560 mm (21 to 22 in) per year, with some years occasionally falling into the semi-arid (under 500 mm (19 in) of rain per year) category.

Last time this occurred was in 2005 with 495mm of rain.

Snowfall accumulations, though occurring most years, are similarly small, helped by some extent due to Cambridge's low elevation and low precipitation tendency during transitional snow events.

Sunshine averages around 1500 hours a year or around 35% of possible, a level typical of most locations throughout inland central England.

The demography in Cambridge changes considerably in and out of University term times, so can be hard to measure.

In the 2001 Census held during University term, 89% of Cambridge residents identified themselves as white, compared with a national average of 92%.

Within the University, 84% of undergraduates and 80% of post-graduates identify as white (including overseas students).

Cambridge has a much higher than average proportion of people in the highest paid professional, managerial or administrative jobs (32% vs.

23%) and a much lower than average proportion of manual workers (27% vs.

40%) - see .

In addition, a much higher than average proportion of people have a high level qualification (e.

degree, Higher National Diploma, Masters and PhDs), (41% vs.

19%).

Cambridge and its surrounds are sometimes referred to as Silicon Fen, an allusion to Silicon Valley, because of the density of high-tech businesses and technology incubators that have developed on science parks around the city.

Many of these parks and buildings are owned or leased by university colleges, and the companies often have been spun out of the university.

Such companies include Abcam, CSR, ARM Limited, CamSemi, Jagex and Sinclair.

Microsoft chose to locate its Microsoft Research UK offices in a University of Cambridge technology park, separate from the main Microsoft UK campus in Reading.

Cambridge was also the home of Pye Ltd.

, who made radios and televisions and also defence equipment.

In later years Pye evolved into several other companies including TETRA radio equipment manufacturer Pye Telecommunications.

Another major business is Marshall Aerospace located on the eastern edge of the city.

The Cambridge Network keeps businesses in touch with each other.

The FTSE100 software company Autonomy Corporation is located at the Business Park on Cowley Road.

Cambridge is a city with many transport connections as well as being one of the UK's eleven "Cycling Cities", a status given in 2008.

There are regular trains to King's Cross and Liverpool Street stations in London as well as to Peterborough, Leicester, King's Lynn, Norwich, Ipswich and Stansted Airport.

Two major roads pass by the outskirts of the city, the M11 motorway and the A14.

Cambridge also has its own airport, Marshall's Airport.

The Cambridgeshire Guided Busway connects Cambridge with St Ives and Huntingdon.

Cambridgeshire County Council has also submitted a bid for �500 million from the Transport Innovation Fund.

Cambridge's two universities, the collegiate University of Cambridge and the local campus of Anglia Ruskin University, serve around 30,000 students, by some estimates.

Cambridge University estimated its 2007/08 student population at 17,662, and Anglia Ruskin reports 24,000 students across its two campuses (one of which is outside Cambridge, in Chelmsford) for the same period.

State provision in the further education sector includes Hills Road Sixth Form College, Long Road Sixth Form College, and Cambridge Regional College.

Both state and independent schools serve Cambridge pupils from nursery to secondary school age.

State schools are administered by Cambridgeshire County Council, which maintains 251 schools in total, 35 of them in Cambridge city.

Netherhall School, Chesterton Community College, the Parkside Federation (comprising Parkside Community College and Coleridge Community College), Manor Community College and the Christian inter-denominational St.

Bede's School provide comprehensive secondary education.

Many other pupils from the Cambridge area attend village colleges, an educational institution unique to Cambridgeshire, which serve as secondary schools during the day and adult education centres outside of school hours.

Private schools in the city include The Perse School, The Perse School for Girls, St.

Mary's School and The Leys School.

Cambridge played a unique role in the invention of modern football: the game's first set of rules were drawn up by members of the University in 1848.

The Cambridge Rules were first played on Parker's Piece and had a "defining influence on the 1863 Football Association rules.

" The city is home to Cambridge United FC, who played in the Football League at the Abbey Stadium from 1970 to 2005, when they were relegated to Conference National, the division in which they currently compete.

When relegation became inevitable the club was placed in administration with substantial debts, but it emerged from administration in time for the 2005�06 season.

The club's biggest success came in the early 1990s, with two successive promotions, two successive FA Cup quarter-final appearances, a run to the Football League Cup quarter-finals, and reaching the brink of promotion to the new Premier League.

The city's other football club Cambridge City FC play in the Southern Football League Premier Division at the City Ground in Chesterton.

Histon, just north of Cambridge, is home to Conference North side Histon FC.

The city is represented in both codes of Rugby football.

Rugby Union club Cambridge RUFC play in National Division One at their home ground, West Renault Park on Grantchester Road in the southwest corner of the city.

Cambridge Eagles Rugby League team play in the National Conference League East Section during the summer months.

The River Cam running through the city centre is used for boating.

The University has its own rowing club, Cambridge University Boat Club, and most of the individual colleges have boathouses on the river.

The main focus of university rowing life are the two sets of bumps races held at the end of the Lent and Easter terms.

Cambridgeshire Rowing Association was formed in 1868 and organises competitive rowing on the river outside of the University.

Shallower parts of the Cam are used for recreational punting, a type of boating in which the craft is propelled by pushing against the river bed with a quant pole.

As well as being the home of the Cambridge Rules in football, Parker's Piece was used for first-class cricket matches from 1817 to 1864.

The University of Cambridge's Cricket ground, Fenner's, is located in the city and is one of the home grounds for minor counties team Cambridgeshire CCC.

Cambridge is also home to two Real Tennis courts out of just 42 in the world at Cambridge University Real Tennis Club.

British American Football League club Cambridgeshire Cats play at Coldham's Common.

After a 10 year hiatus, the resurrected Cambridge Royals Baseball Club will also be once again competing in the British Baseball Federation in 2011.

Cambridge has two cycling clubs Team Cambridge and Cambridge Cycling Club.

Cambridge & Coleridge Athletic Club is the city's track and field club, based at the University of Cambridge's Wilberforce Road track.

Motorcycle speedway racing took place at the Greyhound Stadium in Newmarket Road in 1939 and the contemporary local press carried meeting reports and photographs of racing.

It is not known if this venue operated in other years.

The team raced as Newmarket as the meetings were organised by the Newmarket Motorcycle Club.

Cambridge is also known for its university sporting events against Oxford, especially the rugby union Varsity Match and the Boat Race.

These are followed by people across the globe, many of whom have no connection to the institutions themselves.

Cambridge's main traditional theatre is the Arts Theatre, a venue with 666 seats in the town centre.

The theatre often has touring shows, as well as those by local companies.

The largest venue in the city to regular hold theatrical performances is the Cambridge Corn Exchange � capacity 1800 standing or 1200 seated.

Housed within the city's 19th century former corn exchange building the venue was used for a variety of additional functions throughout the 20th century including tea parties, motor shows, sports matches and a music venue with temporary stage.

The City Council renovated the building in the 1980s, turning it into a full-time arts venue, hosting theatre, dance and music performances.

The newest theatre venue in Cambridge is the 220-seat J2, also known as The Shed, part of the Junction complex in Cambridge Leisure Park.

The venue was opened in 2004 and hosts live music, comedy and night clubs as well as traditional and contemporary theatre and dance.

The ADC Theatre is managed by the University of Cambridge, and typically has 3 shows a week during term time.

The Mumford Theatre is part of Anglia Ruskin University, and hosts shows by both student and non student groups.

There are also a number of venues within the colleges.

The city has been the setting for all or part of several novels, including Douglas Adams' Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency, Rose Macaulay's They Were Defeated, Kate Atkinson's Case Histories, Rebecca Stott's Ghostwalk and Robert Harris's Enigma, whilst Susanna Gregory wrote a series of novels set in 14th century Cambridge and Sylvia Plath wrote a number of short stories with a Cambridge setting published in the collection Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dreams.

Gwen Raverat, the granddaughter of Charles Darwin, talked about her late Victorian Cambridge childhood in her memoir Period Piece and The Night Climbers of Cambridge is a book written by Noel Symington under the pseudonym "Whipplesnaith" about nocturnal climbing on the Colleges and town buildings of Cambridge in the 1930s.

Fictionalised versions of Cambridge appear in Philippa Pearce's Tom's Midnight Garden and Minnow on the Say, the city renamed as Castleford, and as the home of Tom Sharpe's fictional "Porterhouse College".

The BBC television programme Silent Witness was filmed for large parts in Cambridge.

Pink Floyd are the most notable band from Cambridge.

The band's former songwriter, guitarist and vocalist Syd Barrett was born and lived in the city, and he and another founding member, Roger Waters, went to school together at Cambridgeshire High School for Boys.

David Gilmour, the guitarist who replaced Barrett, was also a Cambridge resident and attended the nearby Perse School.

Other bands who were formed in Cambridge include Henry Cow, Katrina and the Waves, The Soft Boys, Ezio, Horace X The Broken Family Band, and the pop-classical group King's Singers, who were formed at the University.

Solo artists Boo Hewerdine and Robyn Hitchcock are from Cambridge, as are Drum and bass artists (and brothers) Nu:Tone and Logistics.

Singer Olivia Newton-John and Matthew Bellamy, lead singer of rock band Muse, were born in the city.

Singer-songwriter Nick Drake and Manchester music mogul Tony Wilson, the founder of Factory Records, were both educated at the University of Cambridge.

Several fairs and festivals take place in Cambridge, mostly during the British summer.

Midsummer Fair dates back to 1211, when it was granted a charter by King John.

Today it exists primarily as an annual funfair with the vestige of a market attached and is held over several days around or close to midsummers day.

On the first Saturday in June Midsummer Common is also the site for Strawberry Fair, a free music and children's fair, with a series of market stalls.

For one week in May, on nearby Jesus Green, the annual Cambridge Beer Festival is held.

Started in 1974, it is Britain's second largest beer festival outside London.

90,000 pints of beer and a tonne of cheese were served in 2009.

Cambridge Folk Festival, one of the largest festivals of folk music in the UK, is held annually in the grounds of Cherry Hinton Hall on the outskirts of the city.

The festival has been organised by the city council since its inception in 1964.

The Cambridge Summer Music Festival is an annual festival of classical music, held in the University's colleges and chapels.

Cambridge Shakespeare Festival is an eight-week season of open-air performances of the works of William Shakespeare, held in the gardens of the Colleges of The University of Cambridge.

Started in 1977, the Cambridge Film Festival was held annually in July, but moved to September in 2008 to avoid a clash with the rescheduled Edinburgh Film Festival.

Cambridge is served by Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, with several smaller medical centres around the city and a general hospital at Addenbrookes.

Addenbrookes is a learning and teaching hospital, one of the largest in the United Kingdom, and functions as a centre for medical research.

The East of England Ambulance Service covers the city and has an ambulance station on Hills Road.

The smaller Brookfields Hospital is located on Mill Road.

Cambridgeshire Constabulary provide the city's policing; the major police station is at Parkside, adjacent to the city's fire station, which is operated by Cambridgeshire Fire and Rescue Service.

Cambridge Water supplies water services to the city, while Anglian Water provides sewerage services.

Cambridge is part of the East of England region, for which the distribution network operator is EDF Energy.

The city has no power stations, though a five-metre wind turbine, part of a Cambridge Regional College development, can be seen in King's Hedges.

Following the Public Libraries Act 1850 the city's first public library, located on Jesus Lane, was opened in 1855.

It was moved to the Guildhall in 1862, and is now located in the Grand Arcade shopping centre.

The library was reopened in September 2009, after having been closed for refurbishment for 33 months, more than twice as long as was forecast when the library closed for redevelopment in January 2007.

Great St Mary's Church marks the centre of Cambridge, while the Senate House on the left is the centre of the University.

Cambridge has a number of churches, some of which form a significant part of the city's architectural landscape.

Like the rest of Cambridgeshire it is part of the Anglican Diocese of Ely.

A Cambridge-based family and youth organisation, Romsey Mill, had its centre re-dedicated in 2007 by the Archbishop of York, and is quoted as an example of best practice in a study into social inclusion by the East of England Regional Assembly.

Cambridge is in the Roman Catholic Diocese of East Anglia, and the city is served by the large Gothic Revival Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church at the junction of Hills Road and Lensfield Road.

There is a Russian Orthodox church under the Archdiocese of Great Britain and Sourozh, and a Greek Orthodox church under the Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain.

Cambridge has two synagogues: an Orthodox synagogue and Jewish student centre on Thompson's Lane, operated by the Cambridge University Jewish Society and the Cambridge Traditional Jewish Congregation, and a Reform synagogue Beth Shalom which meets at a local school.

The Abu Bakr Jamia Islamic Centre on Mawson Road and the Omar Faruque Mosque and Cultural Centre in Kings Hedges serve the city's community of around 4,000 Muslims until a planned new mosque is built.

A Buddhist centre was opened in the former Barnwell Theatre on Newmarket Road in 1998.

In 2005 local Hindus began fundraising to build a shrine at the Bharat Bhavan Indian cultural centre off Mill Road, where Hindu and Hare Krishna groups conduct worship.

Great St Mary's Church has the status of being the "University Church".

Many of the University colleges contain chapels that hold services according to the rites and ceremonies of the Church of England, while the chapel of St Edmund's College is Roman Catholic.

The city also has a number of theological colleges for training clergy for ordination into a number of denominations, with affiliations to both the University of Cambridge and Anglia Ruskin University.

The University of Cambridge is also home to the evangelical Christian organisation Cambridge Intercollegiate Christian Union.

Cambridge is twinned with two cities.

Like Cambridge, both have universities and are also similar in population.

* Germany Heidelberg, Germany since 1965 * Hungary Szeged, Hungary since 1987 The Cambridge & County Folk Museum is a museum located in Castle Street in central Cambridge, England.

It is housed in eight rooms in the former White Horse Inn, a public house that closed in 1934.

The museum presents the lives of the people of Cambridge and its surrounding area in the county of Cambridgeshire from 1700 onwards.

The collection includes objects covering applied art, coins, costumes, decorative art, fine art, hobbies, law and order, medals, medicine, music, social history, textiles and toys.

The museum is supported by Cambridge City Council, the National Lottery, through the Heritage Lottery Fund, and two local organisations: * the Cambridge 800 Committee, a registered charity founded in 2006, whose aims are "to help ensure the future of the Cambridge and County Folk Museum so that it can be enjoyed by future generations, especially children".

* the Friends of the Folk Museum, whose separate short term fund-raising provides specific items for the Museum.

The museum was shortlisted for the 2006 Gulbenkian Prize.

The Cambridge Museum of Technology is an industrial heritage museum situated in Cambridge, UK.

The original building, a Scheduled Ancient Monument, The Cambridge University Library is the centrally-administered library of the University of Cambridge in England.

It comprises five separate libraries: * the University Library main building (commonly referred to simply as "the UL").

* the Medical Library.

* the Betty and Gordon Moore Library (Centre for Mathematical Sciences).

* the Central Science Library (formerly the Scientific Periodicals Library).

* the Squire Law Library.

There are more than 100 libraries at Cambridge University since every college has its own library, and many faculties have large specialized libraries as well.

For example, the Trinity College Library has more than 300,000 books and the Seeley Historical Library, which belongs to the Faculty of History, consists of more than 100,000 books.

In total, there are several million books and hundreds of thousands of journals in these libraries, in addition to the 8 million volumes of the University Library; Cambridge University has around 12 million books.

The Library was housed in the university's "Old Schools" near Senate House until it outgrew the space there and a new library was built.

The large site on the western edge of Cambridge city centre is now between Robinson College and Memorial Court, Clare College.

The current librarian is Anne Jarvis � the first woman to hold the post � who succeeded Peter Fox on 1 April 2009.

The library has existed in some form since the beginning of the 15th century.

In 1416 William Loring bequeathed books to the library thus: "Item volo quod omnes libri mei juris civilis remaneant in communi libraria scolarium universitatis Cantebrigg' in perpetuum".

The earliest catalogue is dated circa 1424.

From the 16th century onwards it received generous donations or bequests of books and growth was considerably increased once the privilege of legal deposit had been granted (it is still one of only three copyright deposit libraries in England under British law).

The current UL building was constructed between 1931 and 1934 under architect Giles Gilbert Scott, who also designed the neighbouring Clare Memorial Court (part of Clare College).

It bears a marked resemblance to Scott's industrial architecture, a famous example of which is Bankside Power Station (the home of the Tate Modern).

Its tower stands 157 feet (48 metres) tall, six feet shorter than the top of St John's College Chapel and ten feet taller than the peak of King's College Chapel.

Contemporary reports stated that in opening the building, Chamberlain referred to it as "this magnificent erection", although this phrase is also attributed by tradition to George V.

The fictional "Dark Tower" in the novel of that name (attributed to C.

Lewis) was a replica of this building.

Contrary to popular belief, pornographic material is not stored in the tower.

The library has been extended several times.

The main building houses the Japanese and Chinese collections in the Aoi Pavilion, an extension donated by Tadao Aoi and opened in 1998.

Legal deposit library As a legal deposit library, it is entitled to claim without charge a copy of all books, journals, printed maps and music published in Britain and Ireland.

This has contributed to the library's large holdings of over seven million books and 1,500,000 periodicals.

The annual flare of the library is around 120,000 books.

The library is open to all members of the University of Cambridge.

As is traditional amongst British university libraries, research postgraduates and academics from other UK universities are allowed reference-only access to the library's collection, and members of the public can apply for access with an academic letter of introduction and on payment of a fee.

The library is unique amongst the UK's legal deposit libraries in keeping a large proportion of its books on open access and in allowing some categories of reader (for example Cambridge academics, postgraduates and undergraduates) to borrow from its collection.

It has a well-used "Tea Room" in which full meals, snacks and beverages are available.

The library regularly puts on exhibitions, usually free to the public, and featuring items from its collections.

As part of its collection of more than 8,000,000 volumes, the library contains a wealth of printed and manuscript material from earlier times.

This includes: * A copy of the Gutenberg Bible from 1455, the earliest European example of a book produced using moveable type.

* Library of Lord Acton, Catholic historian and Regius Professor of Modern History in 1885�1902.

The extensive library (around 60 000 volumes) collected by Lord Acton for research was bequeathed to the University Library on his death.

The collection contains books from the 15th to 19th centuries, with emphasis on European history and church history.

Many of the books contain annotations in Lord Acton's own hand.

* An archive of Charles Darwin's correspondence and books from his working library (including copies of his own works).

* The Hanson collection, containing important books on navigation and shipbuilding, as well as maritime atlases, some dating from the 16th century.

* The Bradshaw collection, containing more than 14,000 books relating to Ireland, printed in Ireland, or written by Irish authors.

This is one of the most important collections of its kind in the world.

The collection was formed by Henry Bradshaw, d.

1886.

At present, the emphasis is on books printed in Ireland before 1850.

* The library of the typographer Stanley Morison, who had close links with Cambridge University Press.

* "The Royal Library", an important collection of more than 30 000 books assembled by John Moore (1646�1714), Bishop of Ely.

The collection was bequeathed to the University Library by George I in 1715, hence the name.

* The library of the Royal Commonwealth Society, containing books, periodicals, pamphlets, photographs and manuscripts relating to the British Empire and the Commonwealth.

* The Bible Society library and the library of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK).

* The Taylor-Schechter Genizah Collection, a store of 140,000 manuscripts and manuscript fragments, mainly in Hebrew and Arabic, from the Ben Ezra synagogue in Cairo.

* Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis, an important codex of the New Testament dating from the fifth century, written both in Greek and Latin.

The Greek text is unique, with many interpolations found nowhere else.

It was given to the University of Cambridge by the Protestant scholar Theodore Beza, friend and successor of Calvin; hence the name.

* The Cambridge Songs (Carmina Cantabrigiensia), a collection of Goliardic medieval Latin poems, preserved on ten leaves of the "Codex Cantabrigiensis".

* E.

Browne's collection of around 480 codices in Arabic, Persian, and Turkish.

* Several composer archives: William Alwyn, Arthur Bliss, Roberto Gerhard, Peter Tranchell.

* Papers of Isaac Newton, Lord Kelvin, Ernest Rutherford, George Gabriel Stokes, Joseph Needham, G.

Moore and Siegfried Sassoon, among others.

* Archives of the Royal Greenwich Observatory.

* Material and archives of the University of Cambridge, from probates and graces to records of various student societies.

* Around 1,500,000 maps.

In June 2010, Cambridge University announced that a �1,500,000 donation would allow them to start digitising some of the collections in the University Library and eventually provide access to them free of charge over the Internet.

Initially the project will focus on two collections called "The Foundations of Faith" and "The Foundations of Science", which will include writings by Isaac Newton and his contemporaries, as well as documents from the Library's archives of Christian, Islamic and Jewish texts.

Abraham Wheelocke was librarian of the "Public Library" at Cambridge University, and was also Reader in Anglo-Saxon in the 17th century.

Augustus Theodore Bartholomew was a librarian at Cambridge University for over twenty-five years.

The classicist A F Scholfield was Librarian from 1923 to 1949.

More recent University Librarians have included E B Ceadel, F W Ratcliffe (1980�1994), and Peter Fox (1994�2009).

Other notable members of staff include the bibliographer Henry Bradshaw and the poet Charles Edward Sayle, author of a history of the library.

housed a sewage pumping station and was built in 1894.

Originally, the boilers were heated by the burning of waste collected around the city.

The museum's main attraction are two Hathorn-Davey steam engines, one of which is fully operational and often runs on steam weekends.

To cope with pumping demand after heavy rainfall, in 1904 two gas engines were added to the pumping station.

Of these, one is in working order.

Other exhibits include a working steam winch (used to move the refuse to be burned around the grounds in a small rail system); various other engines (steam and otherwise); a print room with a large collection of old printing technology including a Linotype machine; a large collection of electrical apparatuses .

The Cambridge University Museum of Zoology is a museum of the University of Cambridge, located on the New Museums Site, just north of Dowing Street in central Cambridge, England.

The Museum was moved into the current purpose-designed building during 1968�70.

The displayed specimens are used by the University of for undergraduate teaching.

Much of the Museum's collection derives from material brought back by 19th century expeditions.

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Last Updated: 2012/05/19